The Eroica Symphony and Napoleon Bonaparte
Originally the work was to be titled the "Bonaparte Symphony" (New Groves), as a tribute to Napoleon Bonaparte, the French Consul who had begun to radically reform Europe after conducting sweeping military campaigns across the continent. In 1804, Napoleon crowned himself emperor, a move which angered Beethoven. As legend has it, the composer ripped through the title page and later renamed the symphony the Eroica because he refused to dedicate one of his pieces to the man he now considered a "tyrant". Nevertheless, he still allowed the published manuscript to carry the inscription, "composed to celebrate the memory of a great man," despite dedicating the work to Lobkowitz. This has led historians and biographers to speculate on Beethoven’s feelings towards Napoleon ever since.
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