Spuneti-mi si mie tot ce stiti despre the twiling. Fundiza la cel care imi da mai multe informatii.

Sa speram ca te descurci cu tradusul. a fost un referat la engleza :
Twilight is a young-adult vampire-romance novel[3][4] by author Stephenie Meyer. It is the first book of the Twilight series, and introduces seventeen-year-old Isabella "Bella" Swan, who moves from Phoenix, Arizona to Forks, Washington and finds her life in danger when she falls in love with a vampire, Edward Cullen. The novel is followed by New Moon, Eclipse, and Breaking Dawn.
It became an instant bestseller when published originally in hardback in 2005, debuting at #5 on the New York Times Best Seller list within a month of its release[5] and later peaking at #1.[6] That same year, Twilight was named one of Publishers Weekly's Best Children's Books of 2005.[7] The novel was also the biggest selling book of 2008[8] and the second biggest selling of 2009, only behind its sequel New Moon.[9] It has been translated into 37 different languages.[10]
When first published, Twilight gained much critical acclaim. Critics often described it as a "dark romance that seeps into the soul" and praised it for capturing "perfectly the teenage feeling of sexual tension and alienation". It's also notable for encouraging people to read. On the other hand, in more recent reviews, some critics thought that Bella's appeal to Edward was "based on magic rather than character" and that Bella is a weak female character, other strongly disagreed. However, almost all critics, whether they acclaimed the novel or not, agreed that it was a literary phenomenon.
A film adaptation of Twilight was released in 2008. It was a commercial success, grossing more than $392 million worldwide[11] and an additional $157 million from North American DVD sales, as of July 2009.[12]
Contents [hide]
1 Synopsis
1.1 Plot summary
1.2 Main characters
2 Development
3 Cover
4 Awards and honors
5 Publication
6 Critical reception
7 Adaptations
7.1 Film
7.2 Graphic novel
8 References
9 External links
[edit]Synopsis

[edit]Plot summary
Isabella "Bella" Swan moves from sunny Phoenix, Arizona to rainy Forks, Washington to live with her father, Charlie, while her mother, Renée, travels with her new husband, Phil Dwyer, a minor league baseball player. Bella attracts much attention at her new school and is quickly befriended by several students. Much to her dismay, several boys compete for shy Bella's attention.
When Bella is seated next to Edward Cullen in class on her first day of school, Edward seems utterly repulsed by her. He disappears for a few days, but warms up to Bella upon his return; their newfound relationship reaches a climax when Bella is nearly run over by a fellow classmate's van in the school parking lot. Edward saves her life when he instantaneously appears next to her and stops the van with his bare hands.
Bella becomes determined to find out how Edward saved her life, and constantly pesters him with questions. After a family friend, Jacob Black, tells her the local tribal legends, Bella concludes that Edward and his family are vampires who drink animal blood rather than human. Edward confesses that he initially avoided Bella because the scent of her blood was too desirable to him. Over time, Edward and Bella fall in love.
Their relationship is disturbed when another vampire coven arrives in Forks. James, a tracker vampire who is intrigued by the Cullens' relationship with a human, wants to hunt Bella for sport. The Cullens attempt to distract the tracker by splitting up Bella and Edward, and Bella is sent to hide in a hotel in Phoenix. There, Bella receives a phone call from James, who claims to be holding her mother captive. When Bella surrenders herself, James attacks her. Before she is killed, Edward, along with the other Cullens, rescues her and defeats James. Once they realize that James has bitten Bella's hand, Edward successfully sucks the poison from her bloodstream and prevents her from becoming a vampire, after which she is brought to a hospital. Upon returning to Forks, Bella and Edward attend their school prom and Bella expresses her desire to become a vampire, but Edward refuses.
[edit]Main characters
Isabella Swan - Isabella, who prefers to be known as Bella, is a 17-year-old girl. She leaves Phoenix, Arizona, to go live with her father in Forks, Washington, in the aim of giving her mother the chance to travel with her new husband. She meets Edward Cullen in Forks High School and feels attracted to him. When she discovers that he's a vampire, her attraction blossoms into full-fledged first love. She confesses her discovery to Edward who admits to it, and they both venture into their forbidden love fighting against Edward's thirst for Bella's blood. Bella has a kind and awkward personality that is more mature than girls her age. She's very smart and observant that she was the first to notice and find theories for the Cullens' strange actions and features. At the beginning of the novel, Bella finds "the hardest part is making decision, but once the decision is made, [she] can easily follow." However, as the novel progresses, Bella unconsciously learns how to make hard decisions and accept their consequences.[13]
Edward Cullen - Edward is a 104-year-old vampire. He was transformed into a vampire by Carlisle Cullen when he was on the edge of death after being struck by Spanish Influenza in 1918. He has a supernatural gift for reading people's minds. When he met Bella, he was immediately attracted to her because of her mind that he couldn't hear, and her strongly appealing blood. Edward tries to stay away from Bella for her safety, but, nevertheless, fails. He notices Bella's attraction to him and tries to warn her that he's dangerous. However, he finally gives in and confesses his truth to her. Since Edward's transformation, he had never fallen in love nor thought that he needed to. He later realizes that his existence was completely pointless without an aim. He finds in Bella compassion, love, acceptance and care.[14]In Twilight, Edward has a pessimistic personality influenced by Meyer's naturally pessimistic character.[15]His character was also influenced by Mr. Rochester of Jane Eyre who also sees himself as a monster.[16]
James - James is a vampire who has the ability to track down people whether humans or vampires. He has a competitive character that always loves a challenge. He reacts aggressively towards Bella when he smells her very appealing scent. When the Cullens react defensively towards her, James is provoked finds the biggest game of his life. He decides to track down Bella to hunt her, knowing that the Cullens would challenge him. He secretly calls Bella to tell her that he's taken her mother hostage in a ballet studio in Phoenix, Arizona. It turns out that her mother is still in Florida and has never returned to Phoenix. He bites Bella, but the Cullens arrive just in time to save her. He is destroyed at the end of the novel.
[edit]Development

Meyer says that the idea for Twilight came to her in a dream on June 2, 2003. The dream was about a human girl, and a vampire who was in love with her but thirsted for her blood. Based on this dream, Meyer wrote the transcript of what is now Chapter 13 of the book.[17]The first drafts were titled Forks instead of Twilight before the publisher requested to change the title. At first, she didn't use names to refer to Bella and Edward, instead she used 'She' and 'He'. Later on, "Charlotte Bronte's Mr. Rochester" and "Jane Austen's Mr. Ferrars" led her to choose the name Edward for her male character, while she named her female lead Isabella because it would have been the name she would have chosen for her daughter if she had one. Rosalie and Jasper were originally named Carol and Ronald.[18]
Meyer continued writing to the end chronologically, not worrying about the backstory. She lettered the chapters instead of numbering them, Chapter 13 being E. The last chapter of the first draft kept getting longer and longer, so she wrote epilogue after epilogue. However, she realized that she wanted to explore a lot of the events of the backstory and the reasons behind the events of the chapters she wrote, so, planning to write the backstory in five or six chapters, it turned out to be twelve chapters in the end.[19]In a matter of three months she had transformed her dream into a completed novel,[20]though she claims that she never intended to publish Twilight and was writing for her own enjoyment.[21]After a summer of detachment from the world, immersed in writing, she finished the manuscript on August 29, 2003.[22]
Her sister's response towards the book was enthusiastic and she persuaded Meyer to send the manuscript to literary agencies.[23]Of the 15 letters she wrote, five went unanswered, nine brought rejections, and the last was a positive response from Jodi Reamer of Writers House.[24]During the editing process, a chapter that used to be Chapter 20 was cut out of the manuscript along with Emmett's account of his bear attack and some parts of the epilogue.[25]
[edit]Cover

Stephenie Meyer has stated that the apple on the cover represents the forbidden fruit from the Book of Genesis. It symbolizes Bella and Edward's love, which is forbidden, similar to the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil, as is implied by the quote from Genesis 2:17 that is quoted at the beginning of the book. It also represents Bella's knowledge of what good and evil are, and the choice that she has in partaking of the "forbidden fruit", Edward, or choosing not to see him.[26] Meyer also says, "It asks if you are going to bite in and discover the frightening possibilities around you or refuse and stay safe in the comfortable world you know."[27] An alternative cover features Kristen Stewart and Robert Pattinson, the actors who play Bella and Edward, respectively, in the film adaptation. An alternative cover features Kristen Stewart and Robert Pattinson, the actors who play Bella and Edward, respectively, in the film adaptation.
[edit]Awards and honors

One of Publishers Weekly's "Best Children's Books of 2005"[7]
One of School Library Journal's "Best Books of 2005"[28]
[edit]Publication

Twilight was initially rejected by 14 agents,[29]however, eight publishers competed for the rights to publish Twilight in the 2003 auction.[24] Little, Brown and Company originally bid for $300,000, but Meyer's agent asked for $1 million; the publishers finally settled on $750,000 for three books.[30] Twilight was published in 2005 with a print run of 75,000 copies.[24] It debuted at #5 on the New York Times Best Seller list within a month of its release,[5] and later peaked at #1.[6] Foreign rights to the novel were sold to over 26 countries.[31]
In October 2008, Twilight was ranked #26 in USA Today's list of "Bestselling Books of Last 15 Years".[32] Later, the book went on to become the best-selling book of 2008.[33]and the second biggest selling of 2009, only behind its sequel New Moon.[34]
[edit]Critical reception

Initial reviews for Twilight were mostly positive, with Publishers Weekly called Meyer one of the most "promising new authors of 2005".[35] The Times praised the book for capturing "perfectly the teenage feeling of sexual tension and alienation",[36] and Amazon.com hailed the book as "[d]eeply romantic and extraordinarily suspenseful".[37] Hillias J. Martin of School Library Journal stated, "Realistic, subtle, succinct, and easy to follow, Twilight will have readers dying to sink their teeth into it",[38] and Norah Piehl of TeenReads wrote, "Twilight is a gripping blend of romance and horror".[39] Publishers Weekly's starred review described Bella's "infatuation with outsider Edward", their risky relationship, and "Edward's inner struggle" as a metaphor for sexual frustration accompanying adolescence.[40] Booklist wrote, "There are some flaws here–a plot that could have been tightened, an over reliance on adjectives and adverbs to bolster dialogue–but this dark romance seeps into the soul."[41] Christopher Middleton of The Daily Telegraph called the book a "high school drama with a bloody twist ... no secret, of course, at whom this book is aimed, and no doubt, either, that it has hit its mark.[42] Jennifer Hawes of The Post and Courier said, "Twilight, the first book in Stephenie Meyer's series, gripped me so fiercely that I called the nearest teenager I know and begged for her copy after I misplaced my own."[43]Roberta Goli of Suite101.com gave the novel a positive review, saying that while "the first half of the novel lacks action", the writing is "fluid" and the story "intersting". She also praised the depth of emotion shown between the main characters for pinpointing "the angst of teenage love."
Kirkus gave a more mixed review, noting that, "[Twilight] is far from perfect: Edward's portrayal as monstrous tragic hero is overly Byronic, and Bella's appeal is based on magic rather than character. Nonetheless, the portrayal of dangerous lovers hits the spot; fans of dark romance will find it hard to resist."[44] The New York Times review stated, "The premise of Twilight is attractive and compelling — who hasn't fantasized about unearthly love with a beautiful stranger? — but the book suffers at times from overearnest, amateurish writing. A little more "showing" and a lot less "telling" might have been a good thing, especially some pruning to eliminate the constant references to Edward's shattering beauty and Bella's undying love." [45] Although the Daily Telegraph later listed Twilight at number 32 on its list of "100 books that defined the noughties", it said that the novel was "Astonishing, mainly for the ineptitude of [Meyer's] prose".[46] Elizabeth Hand said in a review for the Washington Post, "Meyer's prose seldom rises above the serviceable, and the plotting is leaden".[47]
[edit]Adaptations

[edit]Film
Main article: Twilight (2008 film)
Twilight was adapted into a film by Summit Entertainment. The film was directed by Catherine Hardwicke and stars Kristen Stewart and Robert Pattinson as protagonists Isabella Swan and Edward Cullen, respectively. The screenplay was adapted by Melissa Rosenberg. The movie was released in theaters in the United States on November 21, 2008,[48] and on DVD on March 21, 2009.[49] The DVD was released in Australia on April 22, 2009.[50]
[edit]Graphic novel
Main article: Twilight: The Graphic Novel
On July 15, 2009, Entertainment Weekly confirmed rumors that a graphic novel adaptation of Twilight was in the works. The book will be drawn by Korean artist Young Kim and published by Yen Press. Stephenie Meyer reviews every panel herself. According to EW, "it doesn't look simply like an artist's rendering of Kristen Stewart and Rob Pattinson. In fact, the characters seem to be an amalgam of Meyer's literary imagination and the actors' actual looks." EW magazine published finished illustrations of Edward, Bella, and Jacob in their July 17, 2009 issue.[51]
[edit]References